The Old Regime Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Old Regime Essay, Research Paper The Old Regime was a period of clip frequently considered by many to be representative of a crashed society. Under the Old Regime in France, the male monarch was the absolute sovereign. King Louis XIV had centralized power in the royal bureaucratism, the authorities sections that took attention of his policies. King Louis # 8217 ; reign in France played a important function in its history and economic system. He was a male monarch to all during the most of import events of the clip, but he was besides a fiscal male monarch to the rich because he created a revenue enhancement system that merely benefited those who were affluent. During the clip of the Old Regime, society was broken down into three orders or categories, known traditionally as estates. The most of import category of the three consisted of the rebellious Nobility of the Second Estate which contained about 400,000 persons who held all the public offices in the kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Regime Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 The first two estates numbered the least but held the most influence in the whole land. Most of the King # 8217 ; s curates of province were of Baronial birth, and even the highest order of the First Estate, the Clergy, was filled with the younger boies of Baronial families.2 Like the First Estate, the Second Estate paid barely any revenue enhancements and by and large consisted of the richest members of society. The First and Second Estates were grouped together because they had similar political beliefs. The Third Estate strongly resented the advantages of the first two estates. The first two estates were the richest of the three estates. The First Estate consisted of the Clergy, or the Church. The First Estate owned about 10 per centum of all the land in France. This estate paid no revenue enhancements, but to back up church activities such as running schools and caring for the hapless, it collected a tithe, or a revenue enhancement on income.3 In add-on, this estate was made up of the Nobles who lived epicurean lives in major Gallic metropoliss such as Versailles and Paris. The First Estate absolutely illustrates the sum of power and wealth possessed by the Church during a clip when Church and State were non separated. The Second Estate in French life was chiefly comprised of the Nobility. This category, by and large characterized by the richest members of society, enjoyed extended rights and privileges, great land, and much wealth. The Nobles accumulated their wealth by roll uping revenue enhancements, rents, and dues for the usage of their farms or estates. Noblemen traditionally lived by the values of trueness, bravery, refined manners, and service to the King.4 However, while these blue bloods still claimed the privileges of their estate, many had forgotten their responsibilities and values.5 This estate shows how lopsided society was ; most members of the Second Estate weren # 8217 ; t even rich, but were born into a Baronial household and were hence considered Nobility. The Third Estate consisted of Gallic citizens who weren # 8217 ; t classified as either Clergy or Nobility. Since the first two estates were exempt from revenue enhancements, the Third Estate had to supply about all of the state # 8217 ; s income. Yet the Third Estate, easy the largest since it encompassed every Frenchman who was neither an blue blood nor a reverend, was the least influential of the estates. In general, the Third Estate was composed of three groups: the Peasants, the Middle Class, and the Urban Workers. Peasants chiefly led the lives of husbandmans. In contrast, the Middle Class was composed of the most of import people in society. However, the Middle Class frequently worried about its societal position, for it wasn # 8217 ; t socially recognized because it was portion of the Third Estate. The Urban Workers, on the other manus, held much weight in society before and during the Revolution. Their choler at low rewards and deficits of staff of life and other staple n utrients frequently resulted in rabble force during the Revolution.6 While the first two orders enjoyed many advantages, the common mans of the Third Estate had none. Barred by jurisprudence and usage from possessing any sort of political power, these people were besides burdened with taxes.7 They were forced to pay revenue enhancements on their income, land, belongings, harvests, salt, baccy, vino, cyder and even their lives. If a provincial sold a piece of land, he or she paid a gross revenues revenue enhancement, every bit good as an extra revenue enhancement, on the money he or she received. These revenue enhancements were merely excessively much for a difficult working single to pay ; therefore, this category system caused human life to be unequal. Ironically, these people were taught that all were born equal ; hence, they learned that sorting world must was incorrect. However, limitations were still put upon the subordinated Third Estate. In add-on to fiscal restraints, provincials and husbandmans were out to kill any game animate beings, even t hose that threatened their harvests. On top of all these limitations the common mans had to bear, they were faced with yet another load # 8212 ; forced military service. Once in the ground forces, these people were paid really ill and fed even worse. These restraints were merely levied upon the Third Estate ; therefore, this estate became rather infuriated. As a consequence of these limitations, the whole Third Estate was populating in an inferior province of head that caused those within this estate to desire more. The people of the Third Estate were tired of being treated below the belt throughout their mundane lives. The first two estates were basking their tax-exempt life styles while the hapless paid for this unfairness. Clearly, such a system could non last for long. During the 1780 # 8217 ; s, France # 8217 ; s fiscal crisis grew daily as male monarchs drained the state # 8217 ; s exchequer. The Peasants wanted alleviation from their antediluvian and dated responsibilities while the Middle Class desired freedom as a wages for T inheritor industry labor.8 Despite this turning tenseness in France, the King continued to defy the demands of his people. As a consequence of his changeless refusal to allow his people equal rights, many rebellions and wars broke out and diminished the country’s exchequer. Furthermore, a series of bad crops between 1688 and 1694 brought about entire catastrophes.9 For illustration, the cold and moisture summers reduced crops by more so tierce. The overall consequence was widespread famishment, and, in many states, a decease rate that rose to several times the normal figure.10 These unfortunate fortunes hurt the Peasants even more than the disadvantages they faced before the dearth. In add-on to these events, nutrient public violences, deficiency of work, and the issue of political booklets all played cardinal functions in fuelling the fire of the Gallic Revolution.11 This revolution symbolized equality for all categories around the universe. The Metropolitan Museum offered many different sorts of shows of Gallic art and architecture that illustrated the contrasting categories of Gallic society. Upon review of these shows, one can easy detect that male monarchs and Lords dominated Gallic art and pictures. These shows show an perceiver the unequal society that the people of that twenty-four hours were forced to populate in. For illustration, the pictures exemplified the prestigiousness, privileged, and rich nature of the Nobles ; these were conditions that the Third Estate could non see. The first two estates endured really fruitful lives, and this is reflected in the art exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum. Peasants weren # 8217 ; t considered anything but humble provincials, and were therefore neer truly recognized until during the Revolution. The Peasants in the Third Estate became accustomed to their life styles and knew they would neer go portion of the rich society. There were two suites in the Metropolitan Museum that illustrated the wealth and award possessed by the first two estates. The first room had to be the sleeping room of King Louis XIV, for this room was nil less so perfect. The walls, surrounded by angels, looked like they belonged to the room of a God. The walls besides contained images, one being of King Louis himself. The King # 8217 ; s portrayal was godlike every bit good, for he bore a confident stance. This room contained a consummate hearth, which would hold decidedly been a sight to any provincial who would hold had the award to see it. The other room that would catch the oculus of any common man would hold to be the room of the Hotel De Cabris. At first glimpse, any perceiver could see that this room signified wealth with its rich furniture and atmosphere. These two suites show how the rich lived and how happy they were while the Third Estate struggled to be. While the first two estates lived in harmoniousness and merely worried about what they wanted, Third Estate members were concerned with how they would go on to populate under the limitations put upon them. These two suites would give provincials a sense of letdown # 8212 ; they would experience that they wouldn # 8217 ; t sum to anything because they weren # 8217 ; t born into a affluent or baronial household. These suites, or any suites of Nobility, would be nil more than a reminder of how unequal the society of their clip was. The architecture of that twenty-four hours was nil less so spectacular ; nevertheless, it was constructed merely to the satisfaction of the rich, and a batch of the things that they built didn # 8217 ; t need to be built. Since holding money was natural to the rich, they decided to populate in luxury instead than assist the hapless societies. One illustration of an unnesscary edifice that was built would hold to be the Palace at Versailles. The King erected this edifice because he wanted all the Gallic Nobles to populate together, yet this topographic point became nil more so a prison for the Nobility. This edifice did non hold to be made, but it was created to demo the illustriousness of the King and his full land. These illustrations of architecture show that a provincial, who was considered to be low in social position, would experience regret in any of these topographic points because they contained things that were built extravagantly for the wealthy. In a society that has nil left but hope, the rich are frequently resented. The Gallic Society in the seventeenth century was made up of unequal categories. Even though the lowest category made up more than half of the Gallic society during that clip, it was treated the worst and given nil but problem. King Louis Fourteen might hold had a tight fiscal clasp on France, but he did so at the disbursal of the hapless. A provincial would experience wholly out of topographic point in a rich scene like the one within the Metropolitan Museum. End Notes 1 ) Dowd, David. Gallic Revolution ( New York: American Heritage Pub, 1965 ) pg. 13 2 ) Dowd, David. Gallic Revolution, pg. 14. 3 ) Corzine, Phyllis. The Gallic Revolution ( San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc. 1995 ) pg. 15. 4 ) Corzine, Phyllis. The Gallic Revolution, pg 16. 5 ) Corzine, Phyllis. The Gallic Revolution, pg. 16. 6 ) Otfinoski, Steven. Triumph and Terror ( New York: Facts on File, Inc. 1993 ) pg. 9 7 ) Corzine, Phyllis. The Gallic Revolution, pg. 20. 8 ) Otfinoski, Steven. Triumph and Terror, pg. 10. 9 ) Dowd, David. The Gallic Revolution, pg. 15. 10 ) Mckay, John P. , Hill, Bennett D. , Buckler, John, A History of Western Society. 6th Ed. ( New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1999 ) pg. 544. 11 ) Mckay, John P. , Hill, Bennett D. , Buckler, John, A History of Western Society. 6th Ed. Pg. 545. 12 ) Otfinoski, Steven. Triumph and Terror, pg. 13.

The Woman in black The Fortune theatre Essay Example

The Woman in black The Fortune theatre Essay Example The Woman in black The Fortune theatre Paper The Woman in black The Fortune theatre Paper Essay Topic: Black Boy Woman On the Edge Of Time This is a ghost play by Stephen Mallatratt. The play sees the elderly Arthur Kipps, played by Pip Donaghy, attempt to exorcise the ghosts of his past by having a young actor, Colin Hurley, portray his experiences on the stage of a currently empty theatre. The set and lighting that was used during the play was very basic, this was done purposely because the lay is set in an empty theatre, which is still tidying up after a past production. The main items used during the play were visible from the outset. There was a large wicker basket, a stool, two wooden chairs and a clothes wrack. Seeing as these items had to be used to portray most items and settings, the lighting would have to be used cleverly, and it was. It enhanced the simple set and added to the illusion of place and created an atmosphere. The lighting and sound in the following places was; London office- A low and dull light with sound =s of horse and carriages trotting past outside. A ticking clock was cleverly used to create an office feeling. Tomes had his room down stage right in this scene. Kipps Young Kipps Tomes room Train-Different chairs were used to give us an idea of the three trains comfort. A big comfortable chair and warm lighting was used in London to show optimism, where the wicker basket and cold lighting were used on the final train to create an ominous feeling, this train was ancient and comfortless. A clever piece of lighting was also used in this scene. It was a revolving gobo to create the look of the train going through a tunnel. Tannoy announcements between trains to create atmosphere. Hotel- Busy bar sound effect, which went quiet with the mentioning of Alice Drablows name. Church- A laundry basket was the alter and it was positioned upstage centre. Footsteps of coffin bearers are heard as well as a vicars voice as he gives the funeral sermon. A gobo of a cross is projected upstage centre where it is thrown onto gauze. In the Churchyard a leaf gobo is projected onto the floor to represent the outdoors, sounds of crows are heard which is unpleasant and gives an anonymous feeling, vicars voice is still heard as coffin goes into ground, vicars last words, ashes to ashes, dust to dust. Outside eel marsh house- A gobo of the house has been projected onto the first gauze. The gobo represents an unwelcoming, doted mansion (this gobo is shown every time a scene is set outside eel marsh house) he is quoted as saying A tall gaunt house. Inside eel marsh house- A musty yellow lighting, the sound effects are the door slamming every time Kipps enters, whilst Kipps is looking through the house a grandfather clock is heard ticking, this creates suspension. One of the best scenes for visual acting was scene 7. this was the horse and trap scene. It was good because even though all the actors had to work with was an old wicker basket, they managed to create the image of two people riding in a carriage. They did this by bobbing up and down and swaying from side to side. They also shouted things like giddy up and made a whipping action towards the horse. Everything they did was supported by sound effects. The lighting in all scenes was good as it created the places and made us feel as if we were actually there. These were; the gobo of Eel Marsh House, a tall dark and eerie building that created a feeling of discomfort. And a cross (crucifix) to represent the inside of the church, along with a leaf to represent the outside. The set behind the two gauzes was brilliantly concealed and surprised us when it came into the play. One section behind the play was used to represent two settings. The cemetery and the childs bedroom. Covering the bedroom furniture with old dustsheets that you would have found in a theatre during a production, created the cemetery. The period that child died was late 19th century and the furniture represented this. It was mahogany and very expensive. There was padding on the rocking chair, which was red to symbolise blood. The toys and clothes are neatly stored and folded for the little boy, this shows that even though he was dead, Jennet and Alice still cared for it and one of the dolls was a golliwog, which also shows period as they would probably be banned if brought put now. The Music box played Swanlake. There was an even bigger shock in act two when we saw it in disarray after Jennet had vented her anger at not being able to kill Spider, Kipps canine companion in the marshes. This again told us of Jennets deranged State of mind. Second gauze reveals arched stairway, which he walks up revealing his silhouette. This was also effective as, again, it was a surprise to see it appear. These were made to appear by the use of the lighting from above shining through the gauze. The use of the second gauze impressed me even more than the first one as when used you could not see the nursery in front of it. Both actors did brilliantly throughout the performance, here is a brief itinerary and description of the parts they played; Acting as old Kipps Pip Donaghy- He walks on very shyly with nose in script, not very confident in his own acting ability (and rightly so! ). He speaks quietly with no emotion (monotonously). We realize how boring and rubbish old Kipps is at acting when he comes back on, this time with a pair of glasses, and speaks with real confidence and moves with prowess. Old Kipps looks the actor in the eye, it must be told he says, to show his age the actor leads him upstairs hand in hand. He snorts instead of sniffs, and walks a bit kift, this is because Tomes is a comic character. Arthur old Kipps now becomes the actor young Kipps boss. Hes now well spoken and clips the end of his words, he now becomes joyous, and laughs as this character, making him seem friendly and approachable. He sits casually and blows his nose, a feat not accomplished with any other characters, he also taps his foot, another sign of happiness. In the first part of the play and he is still reading from the script, however. as mentioned earlier he now wheres glasses, and with this he learns his lines and can act. He now speaks in a well-spoken Yorkshire accent. Holding his head high (confidence) he makes eye contact with young Kipps because he is friendly and bobs up and down. As the barman he is not well spoken, and when young Kipps mentions Alice Drablow he acts shocked and moves away and acting shocked again, starts to stutter and talk slowly. Back as old Kipps and he is now going through various emotions as he watches the play progress from the wings of the stage, for instance when the actor says that he doesnt believe in ghosts he holds his head in despair of his own naivety. He acted Jerome by dropping slightly at his knees to show that he is older than Daily but not quite as old as Tomes. The woman in black killed Jeromes child and when the actor asks who the woman with the wasted face is, Jerome wont look. The actor then asks Jerome if he could find him someone to help with the paperwork at Alice Drablows house, Jerome says you will find no-one suitable shudders and walks away. As Keckwick he is non-communicative, he never looks at the actor and grunts occasionally but when the actor (young Kipps) mentions that he is going to the Drablow house he goes uhhh! In a surprised manor, he also holds the reigns differently to when he played Daily. When the actor is explaining of the death of his wife and kids he hugs himself and looks very upset. DOG They acted the dog by ;- 1- looking down at the same time to show the dog. 2- He (the actor) looked down and shouted here Spider and 3- He tilts his head away from the dogs wet tongue. Acting as The Actor Colin Hurley When we first hear Colin Hurley he has a big loud voice, which he amplifies brilliantly from the back of the theatre, when playing the part of the actor, he is also very confident in doing this. When narrating about his family telling ghost stories he spoke as an excited young child, the line he spoke was, were telling ghost stories. When he went back to being Kipps he spoke quietly and with fear, because he was remembering the woman in black, he also sounded angry and resentful of the fact that people were treating ghost stories as light entertainment, he spoke with real bitterness. When he walks onto the train he walks sideways and dodges air to make it look as if it is a crowded railway station with lots of people. On seeing the woman in black at the graveyard he acts cautiously and scared. When he walks from eel marsh house he panics and collapses in horror of the woman in black and when he realizes that the horse and trap sounds are ghosts he looks terrified with his eyes wide open, eyebrows drawn and tensed muscles. On rescuing Spider he lay flat on the floor down stage right and lent over the edge as if the pit was the marsh. He tenses his arms to show that he is struggling to tug Spider out of the deep pull of the marsh, he eventually pulls spider up and collapses on the stage. When hearing music from the jewellery box, he pauses and focuses on the door to create tension. Acting to show his toddler son Joseph, he puts hand down towards the floor and leans slightly to show hes holding Josephs hand, he took small slow childlike steps. He mimed lifting Joseph by bending down low, putting his hands child width apart and smiled as he put his happy child onto the pony and trap. Later in the same scene he describes his childs death as, crumpled on the grass dead! He pauses to show us how difficult he finds it to speak of this tragic event. He then quietly sniffs as though trying not to cry. I really enjoyed watching The Woman in Black and would recommend it to anyone. The quality of acting was superb and with limited resources in the way of props, they portrayed the obstacles brilliantly, especially the horse and trap (see earlier). The Director Robin Herford, who has directed this play for fourteen years and travelled to Tokyo to direct the Japanese adaptation, wanted the audience to experience the fear of this ghost story through their imaginations and not through the use of special effects, which can be seen far too easily on T. V today.

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights Essay

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Essay Example human rights although structured with a very specific content can sometimes be given different meaning because under the influence of the members of the decisive levels of society’ (Fonte, J., 2004, p.3). In the specific paper human rights are examined from their international perspective as it has been formulated under the influence of United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. At a next level a specific country, Canada, has been chosen as a ‘sample of examination’ regarding the recognition of the value of human rights and their respect throughout the rules set by the government. The study of this issue is mainly based on a specific book which is analyzed as of its structure and its content while the views presented are being criticized as of their applicability in modern life. In this context, current paper has been formulated in order to present as more analytically as possible the ideas and the proposals included in the particular book trying to support any a rgument with the appropriate theoretical and practical data, wherever this has been possible. The presentation of Canada’s political and economic history could be characterized as satisfactory. More specifically, Part I, Chapter 1 and Chapter Three present the country’s structural characteristics supported with a series of statistical data with an extended emphasis on the current economic and political characteristics of the country. A more detailed historical review is included in Chapter Seven which deals also with the country’s capitalist economic development. The comparison with similar conditions in other countries – which are geographically connected with Canada , like United States – help the understanding of current economic and political conditions in the Canadian region. As an example it is mentioned that ‘during the nineteenth century the shift in the centre of the system, from Britain to the United States, began to take place; Economic inter ­locks between Canada and the